Learn how a camel’s hump helps it survive in the desert — and why it’s more about fat than water.
Camels are iconic animals of the desert, known for their large humps and ability to go long periods without food or water. But have you ever wondered exactly why camels have humps? Contrary to popular belief, camel humps do not store water — they store something even more valuable in the wild: fat.
The humps on a camel act as natural fat storage units. In the harsh environments of the desert, food can be scarce for days or even weeks. By storing fat in their humps instead of throughout their body, camels avoid overheating and can rely on this energy reserve during long journeys or periods of famine.
When food is unavailable, the fat in the hump is broken down into energy. This process also produces water as a byproduct, which the camel uses to help stay hydrated. As the fat is used up, the hump can actually shrink or droop — a visible sign the camel is running low on fuel.
There are two main types of camels: the Dromedary camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel, which has two. Dromedaries are more common in the Middle East and North Africa, while Bactrians are adapted to the colder, rugged terrains of Central Asia. Despite the difference in hump count, both species use their humps the same way: to survive in extreme climates.
Another desert survival trick? Camels can drink up to 40 gallons (150 liters) of water in one sitting when they find a source. Their bodies are incredibly efficient at retaining moisture, with specialized cells and organs that minimize water loss.
So, the next time you see a camel, remember — those humps are not water tanks. They’re compact, efficient survival tools that make camels some of the most uniquely adapted animals on Earth.